Ethical Problems associated to Information Technology Essay

Data innovation has been consistently blasting with new mechanical items that make a progressively assorted data condition. There have been sensational changes related with the IT, and these progressions make moral issues and changes that normally have something to do with morals. Valid, there has been innovative advancement in the arenaâ€one that happens â€Å"when either the mechanical worldview is explained as far as improved ideas, speculations, and strategies, or in cases of the worldview are improved† (Moor, 2008, p. 27, for example, as far as productivity, adequacy, and wellbeing. This makes a colossal social effect, and it has prompted an innovative unrest that extensively requires some serious energy and is hard to anticipate. Data innovation has gone over the presentation stage and the pervasion stage. We are on the force stage wherein the innovation is promptly accessible, influencing individuals legitimately and in a roundabout way. This makes an effect that is magnificently huge; yet, there are consistently the moral issues that springs forward in the field. Moral issues that encompass the self-personality, secrecy, and protection of an individual are constantly joined with regards to IT. The mechanical upheaval has a huge scope impact that changes the general public, while influencing the way wherein the general public capacities (Moor, 2008, p. 29). It is apparent that open innovative upsets in open social orders despite everything need a few improvements, so the moral issues would be controlled and augmented. Primary Body There are various significant issues that encompass the innovative worldview of IT, particularly according to morals. A portion of these are as self-character, namelessness, just as security. There are additionally other exploitative issues (e. g. , cheating, hacking, wardriving) that are joined to the mechanical worldview of IT. Moral issues in self-personality The self-character is being built by how the individual communicates with the general public and with oneself. In the social scene of advancement, there are various significant changes in the outside social condition that influences the person during this social change. In the age of the IT, individuals get the chance to have the ability to recreate the universe through the regular real factors and conditions that occur in their particular universes. It is a ceaseless situation that to a great extent makes the self-character and the individual emotions connected to this worldview. This new feeling of character are being shaped with the interruption of the IT in a person’s life, and individuals get the chance to have individual relationship even with individuals who are obscure to themâ€people who out of nowhere jump out in their computer’s screens, with names that could possibly be verifiable. Individual connections help structure the self-character, offering open doors for self-articulation and the self-restoration. As indicated by Giddens (1991), The cutting edge world is a ‘runaway world’: not exclusively is the pace of social change a lot quicker than in any earlier framework, so likewise is its extension, and the significance with which it influences previous social practices and methods of conduct. (Giddens, 1991, p. 16) With this, it is obvious that the IT turns into a functioning segment in the persistent change of a person’s character, as it makes and influences the social practices and the methods of a person’s conduct. In this way, issues influence the individual existence of the individual could influence the self-character, yet the social practices and the earth in general. Moral issues as far as secrecy and protection, for instance, can prompt a character that is flawed as a result of exploitative lead. Regardless of the way that individuals consistently convey desultory translations of their conduct, this viable awareness drives the individual into making or obliterating the ontological security of human action in a culture. As an impact, individuals will in general compose remarks namelessly while concealing their actual characters. Moral issues in obscurity According to the article that Richard Perez-Pena (2010) composed entitled ‘News Sites Rethink Anonymous Online Comments’, it says that Internet clients for the most part utilize the advanced mask, uncovering their influence and their suppositions without recognizing their actual characters to the watchers. This comprises such an opportunity for the computerized clients, and this is generally run of the mill in news destinations, wherein the watchers are permitted to post remarks without demonstrating their actual characters, keeping their security in a world that is being introduced openly. As showed in the article, â€Å"Anyone could say something and remain anonymous† (Perez-Pena, 2010, p. 1), and this prompts the inquiry on whether watchers of Internet destinations ought to be permitted to stay mysterious while directing their remarks and proposals. This is a huge moral issue related to IT, since it has been morally acknowledged that any sort of thought or assessment ought to be related to the deferential individual who has shaped the thought. As indicated by Arianna Huffington, organizer of The Huffington Post, Namelessness is only the status quo done. It’s an acknowledged piece of the Internet, yet there’s no inquiry that individuals hole up behind obscurity to offer wretched or dubious remarks. (Perez-Pena, 2010, p. 1) It has, along these lines, been prompted that watchers ought to demonstrate their verifiable names, particularly when making a critical discourse about the general public. They should utilize their genuine names, and this might be finished by expecting individuals to enlist first before posting their analyses. Moral issues in protection As indicated by the article that Scott Rosenberg (2010) composed entitled ‘Online Comments Need Moderation, Not Real Names’, there is additionally the explanation that characterizes how paper site administrators have been responding regarding obscurity and protection keeping. As expressed, â€Å"If no one but they could make individuals sign their genuine names, without a doubt the climate would improve† (Rosenberg, 2010, p. 1). Online discussion spaces make news sources turn the normal programming on and afterward leave them for what it's worth, as though the conversations would â€Å"magically deal with themselves† (Rosenberg, 2010, p. 1). The issue, be that as it may, is that the analysts ought not be anonymous and should convey characters that are open for different watchers. This issue is in the personality framework, with the Web having no character framework that would morally reconnect the plan to the individual who has announced it. As expressed in the article, The Web has no character framework, and however the FBI can follow you down if the incitement is sufficiently desperate, and on the off chance that you get editors distraught enough they can follow you down, as well, most media organizations aren’t going to burn through the time and cash. (Rosenberg, 2010, p. 1) Ethical security issues can likewise be as ‘hacking’ or â€Å"using unapproved access to a data system† (Floridi, 2008, p. 43). This revels protection and privacy. End There are other moral issues related with the IT of the cutting edge social world, for example, utilizing the new innovation so as to swindle one’s charges, or straying the client from their actual name or personality. It can likewise be through wardriving wherein individuals attempt to interface remotely to different people’s systems (Moor, 2008, p. 33). All these unscrupulous behaviors can make a tremendous social effect that prompts innovative upheaval that can contract IT in its capacity stage. With legitimate administration, it can form the IT into something that is all the more remarkable and huge, without the moral issues that have huge scope consequences for the general public. It is apparent, accordingly, that open social orders through the IT despite everything need a few upgrades, so the moral issues would be controlled and augmented. References Floridi, L. (2008). Data morals: its tendency and extension. In Eds. Jeroen van cave Hoven and John Weckert’s Information innovation and good way of thinking. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Giddens, A. (1991). Advancement and self-personality: self and society in the late current age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Field, J. (2008). Why we need better morals for rising advances. In Eds. Jeroen van sanctum Hoven and John Weckert’s Information innovation and good way of thinking. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Perez-Pena, R. (2010, April 11). News locales reexamine unknown online remarks. Recovered May 7, 2010, from The New York Times Company database: http://www. nytimes. com/2010/04/12/innovation/12comments. html. Rosenberg, S. (2010, April 13). Online remarks need control, not genuine names. Recovered May 7, 2010, from Salon Media Group, Inc. database: http://www. salon. com/news/include/2010/04/13/newspaper_online_comments_moderation_open2010.

Netflix Case Analysis Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Netflix Analysis - Case Study Example Based on this an outline of investigation instruments has been talked about, for example, the 3C’s, STP and the 4 P’s. The 3 C’s model is utilized to give a review of the organization. In light of this review the economic situations can be surveyed which help the chiefs in framing methodologies for the organization. In view of this the organization can redress its shortcomings and progress towards progress. Organization: Netflix is a DVD rental and web based spilling business. The administrations offered by the organization are in a joined structure and these have pulled in the clients. The administrations of the organization are moderate however once the recordings are procured then the administrations and offices which are offered are unmatchable and exceptional. Clients: For the achievement of the business, the necessities and prerequisites of the client are significant and in this way they ought to be evaluated. The organization has confronted misfortunes when another methodology of isolating both the practices was presented. This likewise expanded the membership charges of the organization. Contenders: The business faces rivalry from items like Apple iTunes, Amazon video on request (VOD), Google TV and YouTube and others. All these offer comparative types of assistance and have profited profoundly from the parting choice of the organization (Dau, and Wesley). Division: In this procedure the organization will distinguish the section which will be intrigued most with profiting the administrations of the organization. The organization has fragments its shoppers so as to showcase them in a superior manner. by portioning purchasers, the organization can do well in the market. Focusing on: Finding the most proper fragment and finding the variables which will fulfill these people most should be surveyed. Based on this all the cost and the item related procedures are shaped. By focusing on various sections in an alternate manner, the organization can show signs of improvement results. Situating: In this fragment the fitting business is

Music Summary Essay Example For Students

Music Summary Essay The perusing permit the peruser to set up a comprehension to how huge of an issue was made by Just words. It is clear, thought the numerous things that happened from youngster magazine covers, record running, renounced participations, and stock plunges, that John Lemons word had a gigantic effect on how The Battles were seen. Later we are demonstrated how despite the fact that he apologized the strict far-right have not pardoned. Still many like David Nobel, are unforgiving as well as enemies of Battles, being that Sullivan states he directed a twenty-one day address voyage through California,warning of the shades of malice of the Battles (314) In all giving us that the fundamental things here is that through John Lemons words, from that point on, The Battles started to be considered as an abhorrent that youthful people should why away from because of the likeliness that the socialist could utilize them to control the psyches of all these youthful people to start mass insurgency. Further perusing takes into account currently to realize that Nobel, didn't extravagant The Battles in any capacity by any stretch of the imagination. His conviction or his endorsement to the possibility that the Battles are potential devices of a socialist takeover of the United States. Anyway whether this is a willing activity or a reluctant on is something which many appear to differ on. In any case while the Battles might be laced with this conviction, it likewise applies to shake in move when all is said in done. Expressing that through an examination it was indicated that the youthful people into he society are being both altered and misused. This is bolstered in the perusing one statement that states Rock and roll has an immediate bearing on wrongdoing since all delinquents are genuinely unreliable; (Nobel, AAA, commentary 139, p. 25) ( Sullivan 31 5) However, it very well may be bantered through a contention introduced in the perusing on the off chance that it is more right than wrong to state that they Battles are malicious simply because a couple of words. The perusing itself gives understanding in saying that in all the genuine underhandedness was awesome, and cap the Battles themselves Just acted like an extraordinary model for Nobel to use for his Anti-awesome convictions. John Lennox furnished these people with Just what they required overlooked to battle again awesome. The fundamental contention that is shown in the perusing to me is Since the Battles are divine beings to a huge number of adolescents today, if drugs are in (or considered in) by the Battles, they will be considered in by the young people. For like it or not, whatever the young people divine beings endorse the teenagers tend to authorize. (Sullivan 317) In all associating that the Battles can cause for Music Summary 3 By Nor-Solaces in the perusing, is said to investigate the possibility that the Battles (perhaps in all awesome) can cause a transformation, a social insurgency. In which the way that they can impact the doing of sex and medications that that itself takes into account socialist to triumph. N the perusing to advance the contention that awesome all in all is the difficult we are given Bob Larson he taking all things together, from the perusing validate, is worried about the counter Christian part of awesome. Anyway still an emphasis on the Battles, since it is expressed, The Battles may have been just incidentally more famous than Jesus, yet it was long enough to modify the music and ethics of the Western world. (Sullivan 319) in any case, this takes into consideration the peruser to see the amount of an ef fect both Larson and Nobel appear to thin the Battles were in their contended quandary. .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa , .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa .postImageUrl , .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa , .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa:hover , .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa:visited , .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa:active { border:0!important; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa:active , .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa:hover { obscurity: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content design: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u7b271393d587 6296ba0bb5caf7388eaa .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u7b271393d5876296ba0bb5caf7388eaa:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Is music a decent apparatus for wellbeing? EssayIt seen to be that Sullivan is endeavoring to give us how Nobel concentrated on John Lennox and what he said being the malicious he need to keep from youngsters. From the NY things he distributed plainly his scorn in everything was centered both around the Battles themselves and awesome in light of the fact that he accepted awesome altogether was degenerate, while there are others whom basically accept that this music can be cleaned and improved. Be that as it may, this was at that point, presently a significant number of those defenders currently contend that the stone they once cherished and moved to themselves, is in no way like the stone at this point. This itself can be bolstered by where the content states, has transformed from the swinging of Elvis hips and saying, l need you, I need you, I love you, to individuals like Blackleg Lawless going around in his codpiece with a cutting apparatus between his legs singing, l F-U-C-K like a mammoth. (Berry 1985). (Sullivan 321) In all, many had various perspectives, or methods for dealing with this issue of theirs, for they every represent an alternate thought/see on what time they need the world to become to. In general, The perusing leaves the peruser addressing if the Battles genuinely put an age of our kin into the medication culture and if there was an impeding impact of the Battles (Sullivan 323) Offering numerous perspectives on the effect, regardless of whether fortunat e or unfortunate, the Battles made on the nuns populace and whether it very well may be associated with both socialism and malevolence. Through Nobel, Larson, and the MARC, we are offered numerous instances of people who accept the Battles to be malicious all gratitude to the expression of John Lennox, The Battles > Jesus, and trust them to have the option to degenerate the psyches of the adolescent in America, in all making them go to medications and sex in all causing a mass social upheaval that they see being driven by the socialist. I assert that I have neither given nor got help from another understudy while setting up this synopsis.

New Questions About Cheap Term Paper for Sale Answered and Why You Must Read Every Word of This Report

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Character Of Dr. George Gey - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 753 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/02 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Henrietta Lacks Essay Did you like this example? Throughout time there has always been different perspectives on whether you learn more from failure or success. They always say if you fail to always keep trying until you succeed, but once you succeed what happens next? I disagree with the scientists statement because Skloots account of the story does not support it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks by Rebecca Skloot, due to the success of tissue culture researcher Dr. George Gey can further dispute this quote. His success in tissue culture led to further discoveries and became one of the most important advancements in modern medicine. The world was able to learn from his success. On February 5th, 1951, Henrietta Lacks received her first cancer treatment. During this time, she also had two dime size pieces of tissue from her cervix: one from her tumor, and one from her healthy cervical tissue (pg.33) shaved off. These tissue samples were then given to Dr. George Gey with the hope that the cells would grow outside the body in culture. Henriettas cells were then brought to Geys lab, cut up and distributed into dozens of roller tubes and then placed into a roller drum. Dr. Geys assistant, two days later noticed the cells were not just growing normally but at a rapid rate. Dr. Gey then began to tell his close colleagues that he may be very close to having the first immortal human cells. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Character Of Dr. George Gey" essay for you Create order Many of George Geys colleagues felt that he should publish research papers on HeLa so that he can be credited for his innovation, but he always claims to be too busy. After much prodding from Mary Kubicek and Margaret Gey, he finally writes a short excerpt of his work with the cells. Geys success began many experiments for other scientists throughout the world. With using Henrietta Lack Cells Dr. Gey found a way to grow cells outside the human body successfully. Everyone around the world knew about Dr. Gey and what he did for the scientific world. HeLa cells were sent from coast to coast and from country to country. Every scientist around the world was able to learn from Dr. Geys success. The reason Henriettas cells were so precious was because they allowed scientists to perform experiments that would have been impossible with a living human (pg. 58). Dr. Gey success helped him and many other scientists learn new techniques with cell culture and treatments for illness just off Henrie tta Lacks cells. He had gained lots of attention from fellow scientists and people around the world for what he accomplished. This let Dr. Gey obtain lots of success that still is talked about today. The success of the HeLa cell line helped accomplished in creating a vaccine for polio. The Tuskegee institute led to the first-ever cell production factory using the HeLa cells in helping the Salk vaccine become effective for the polio virus (pg.96). The staff of the institute were producing six trillion cells every week. This led to millions of lives being saved because the HeLa cell line helped create a virus for polio. This disputes the scientists statement because the HeLa cells proved to be effective in creating the vaccine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The HeLa cells also helped uncover how Henriettas cancer started and why her cells never died (pg.212). Research of HPV helped the understanding of what occurred with Henriettas cancer because she was infected with multiple copies of HPV-18. If her cells had died in that lab, a German virologist named Harald zur Hausen would never have discovered what Henrietta had. This goes to show that the HeLa cells being immortal proves to be beneficial because of what scientists can learn from the success of the cell line (pg.212). The HeLa cells also aided in the research of HIV/AIDS. A molecular biologist named Richard Axel, infected HeLa cells with HIV (pg. 214). This led to the knowledge of getting a step closer in understanding the virus and maybe potentially stopping it. Axel would not have been able to accomplish his research without the use of the HeLa cell line which proves that you can learn from success and go beyond further into research. This portrays that through Dr. Geys success, scientists who received the HeLa cells and the world all around proved the point that you can learn from success. After you succeed from something, this does not always mean you can not learn anything anymore. Once you succeed with something, theres always the point of where you can go beyond of what you accomplished.

The Dred Scott Decision Case - 1941 Words

The Dred Scott Decision was a famous Supreme Court case, deciding over the decision of slavery was legal in the newly discovered territory. It debated over the decision of whether it was legal for slaveholders to take their property into the newly formed territory or whether their property should be freed in this process. The ruling concluded in 1857 and affirmed that slaveholders should have the right to take their slaves to the west . The decision took three attempts to finally reach a conclusion about whether an African American living in recently developed land should be considered free or not. Below I will discuss the life of Dred Scott, the Scott v. Emerson Case, the Scott v. Sandford Case, the eradicating of slavery, and the path to black citizenship in the proceeding decades. Dred Scott was an enslaved African American who was born in Southampton County, Virginia. He and his original owner, Peter Blow, moved from Virginia to St. Louis to attempt farming. Shortly after his own er’s death on June 23, 1832 in Missouri, Scott believed that this transaction should entitle him to his freedom. However, an assistant surgeon of the U.S. Army, named Dr. John Emerson, purchased Scott. In 1836, Emerson moved to a fort in Wisconsin Territory and took Scott with him. After living in free soil with his owner, who was an abolitionist, a test case was declared and Scott sued for his freedom, arguing that his removal to Illinois should end his servitude, because slavery was notShow MoreRelatedThe Dred Scott Decision : A Simple Court Case That Shook America2183 Words   |  9 Pages The Dred Scott Decision: A Simple Court Case that Shook America Congress and the American people debated over slavery and its expansion. Although Congress passed laws in order to try to eliminate the issue, these compromises only temporarily decreased the tension. In 1857, the Supreme Court made an influential ruling regarding expansion in the case of Dred Scott v Sandford. The Dred Scott Decision shook the American public and forced the dispute over slavery and its expansionRead MoreDred Scott V. Sandford Essay829 Words   |  4 PagesAmanda Turnbull Ms. Miller U.S. History I Enriched 25 February 2013 Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) 　　　　Slavery was at the root of the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford. Dred Scott sued his master to obtain freedom for himself and his family. His argument was that he had lived in a territory where slavery was illegal; therefore he should be considered a free man. Dred Scott was born a slave in Virginia around 1800. Scott and his family were slaves owned by Peter Blow and his family. He moved toRead MoreDred Scott V. Sandford1454 Words   |  6 PagesWhen Dred Scott v. Sandford was decided in 1857, it made an enormous impact on the United States. It riled up both pro- and anti-slavery Americans. It angered many Americans in an extreme example of judicial activism. Some say it made the Civil War inevitable. By the time the dust had settled and the 13th and 14th Amendments reversed the Court’s decision, Dred Scott could be considered one of the worst Supreme Court decisions of all time. And yet, although the case was egregiously wrong, it stillRead MoreDred Scott Decision Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pagescourt case filed by a black slave against his white slave master occurred and it widened the gap between them even more. The idea of a black man suing for his freedom was ridiculous to most of the Southern people. My second paragraph is about Dred Scott’s life. It will mostly be about his life before the case. The third paragraph will be information about the case in court. It will include many facts from the trials. The fourth paragraph will tell of the United States Supreme Court decision and itsRead MoreDred Scott V. Sanford Case1718 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Young Political Science 22 July 2016 Dred Scott v. Sanford Supreme Court Case According to William A. Darity, Duke University Professor, â€Å"Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857) was a major U.S. Supreme Court case dealing with the status of slaves in the United States.† Britannica.com states that â€Å"Dred Scott decision, formally Dred Scott v. John F.A. Sandford, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 6, 1857, ruled (7–2) that a slave (Dred Scott) who had resided in a free state and territoryRead MoreThe Dred Scott V. Sanford Case1670 Words   |  7 Pagesthe highest court of the United States of America. With this title they have the final say about the decisions for the country. However the Supreme Court can make mistakes and have so before. The case considered the worst Supreme Court decision among many scholars is the Dred Scott V. Sanford case from the pre-civil war era. In which time slavery was a very hot topic between the states. In this case it was determined that a slave was not only not a citizen of the United States but al so property (ourRead MoreDred Scott Vs. Sanford Case942 Words   |  4 Pages Dred Scott Vs Sanford Haley Woodley History 1301 November 25, 2014 â€Æ' â€Å"Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness† is what comes to mind when we are in court or thinking about the constitution. That was not the case in the Dred Scott V. Sanford decision because Dred Scott was African American and a slave suing for his freedom. Dred Scott was an early, persistent steadfast, fighter for African American civil rights. â€Å"The Dred Scott decision declares two propositions—first, that a NegroRead MoreDred Scott1149 Words   |  5 Pages The Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott was an African American man born into slavery around 1800. He wanted what all enslaved people wanted. He wanted his freedom. Dred Scott vs. Stanford was a landmark Supreme court case that was a major player in the secession of the southern states. The bravery, courage and determination of Dred Scott was one of the the first steps in a long road to freedom. Around 1820, during the time of the Missouri compromise, Dred Scotts owner Peter BlowRead MoreDred Scott Decision : An Incorrect View Of The Judicial Role And Viewed As Morally Incorrect?1136 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent did Dred Scott decision was examined from an incorrect view of the judicial role and viewed as morally incorrect? Due to Chief Justice Taney’s unacceptable error of not reviewing the case through law, the decision led the nation split into two and eventually caused in American Civil War. In this investigation, Chief Justice Taney, who held the majority of votes, actions and behaviors prior of the case will be evaluated for its impact upon a simple freedom case. This investigation willRead MoreDred Scott Is Not Reasonable Or Logical?799 Words   |  4 PagesThe decision that was made in the 1857 by the Supreme Court about Dred Scott becoming a freeman was not reasonable or logical. In the 1850’s the nation was faced with a struggle over slavery that would threaten to tear the West apart; the free states from the slave states. The main question that Dred Scott argued was whether a slave’s status overrode his previous situation when he entered a free state or territory. During the course of time, slaves had slave owners. Slaves were not considered people

Corporate Financial Management Research Company

Question: Describe about the Corporate Financial Management for Research Company. Answer: A. For this research paper I would like to choose DELECTA LIMITED (DLC) as a research company. The company is listed on ASX (Australian Stock Exchange). Delecta Limited is a major supplier of adult products such as: vibrators, games giggles, lingerie, sex toys, books, DVDs, lubricants, videos, and so on. Along with this, Delecta operates its business in retail, wholesale, and oil gas sector. The retail segment of the firm trades adult products to retail customers directly. The wholesale section of DLC vends wholesale products to the wholesale customers in Australia as well as New Zealand. Moreover, the oil gas division of Delecta incorporates an oil and gas field development project in the US (Delecta Limited. 2016). In addition to this, Calvista Australia Pty Ltd, Stell Bay Pty Ltd, Calvista New Zealand Limited, Today's Success Pty Ltd and Canadian River Inc. are the subsidiaries of DLC. Malcolm R. Day and John Burness are the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and CFO (Chief Financia l Officer) of the firm respectively. On the other hand, the CFO of an organization is responsible to perform numerous important roles and responsibilities to improve the organizational as well as financial performance and effectiveness of the firm in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. The CFO also plays important roles to accomplish the financial goals and objectives of the organization (Dergel, 2014). Along with this, the major areas of responsibilities of the CFO of Delecta Limited are described as below: Financial Planning and Control: The chief financial officer of DLC plays a significant role to make effective financial plans to improve the financial performance of the firm in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. The CFO of Delecta makes effective financial plans to make effective utilization of available funds. Moreover, with the help of these financial plans, the firm becomes able to operate all its three segments: retail, wholesale, and oil gas in an effective and a proper way (Moran and Kral, 2013). Along with this, the financial plans developed by CFO are also valuable in order to manage all the financial activities of the firm in an accurate way. The CFO of DLC also responsible to manage its cash inflow and outflow in order to maintain transparency in all the financial transactions of the firm. Also, the CFO of Delecta is responsible to pay taxes and duties, and securities to fulfill its financial obligations properly. In addition to this, the CFO of DLC is responsible to develop accounting policies, procedures and guidelines for purchasing, credit, payment of bills, collections, and other financial obligations. The CFO of DLC also develops financial plans to raise the capital of the firm. For case, in order to raise the funds, all the three segments of the firm operate their financial activities in view of that. Moreover, the CFO develops provisions to execute the financial plans for the financial growth of the organization (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 2006). In this way, it can be said that, the CFO of DLC is fully responsible to create long term financial plans, assess the financial requirements and to develop different options to fulfill the financial needs of the firm in an effective and an appropriate manner. Understand and Mitigate Financial Risk: The CFO of an organization is fully responsible to understand and mitigate financial risks in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. It is well known that financial risk is a major part of business. Financial risk may occur at any time that may influence the financial performance of the organization in a negative manner (Lapovsky and McKeown-Moak, 2010). In this situation, the CFO of the organization develops numerous effective risk mitigation strategies to mitigate financial risks and to improve financial performance in an effective and an appropriate manner. Moreover, the CFO of DLC has in-depth knowledge of the financial systems to discover the financial risks that may occur in the financial areas of the organization. In addition to this, there are lots of financial risks that the CFO of DLC diminishes in a proper way. For case, the CFO of DLC plays a significant role in order to lessen the risks that are linked to the contract failures (Bragg, 2011). Moreover, the CFO conf irms all the existing and new contracts to fulfill all the term conditions of the contracts in order to mitigate this type of risk in an effective and an appropriate manner. On the other hand, the CFO of Delecta also plays a significant role to diminish the risk allied to the commodity prices changes. The CFO creates long-term contracts and also makes use of cost cutting methods to moderate this type of risk in an effective way. The CFO is also responsible to alleviate foreign exchange risks that are related to the business (Kasunic and Kasunic, 2009). Moreover, the CFO decides the size of foreign trading and also uses hedging tactics such as: forward rate agreements, forwards contract, interest rate swaps, and so on to mitigate foreign exchange risk in an effective and an appropriate manner. In addition to this, the CFO of DLC also plays a critical role to develop and save the brand image of the firms. The negative brand image influences the overall financial performance of the business in a negative way. The CFO develops advanced strategies and pay attention on the brand to improve the brand image and to mitigate financial risk in a significant way (Fe rguson, 2006). In this way, it can be said that, this is an important area of responsibility for the chief financial officer of the organization. Development of Accounting Financial Functions: The CFO of an organization is responsible to develop accounting and financial functions to improve the financial performance and organizational effectiveness effectively. The CFO of DLC also develops accounting financial functions to enhance the transparency, profitability, and raise funds of the organization. In addition to this, the CFO of DLC pays his/her attentions on the accuracy of financial information so; all the members of the organization may perform all the accounting financial functions in an accurate manner. Moreover, it should be noted down that the CFO of DLC uses a data-mining tool to present accurate financial information to the shareholders, investors and users of the firm (Oakes and Galagan, 2011). Along with this, the CFO of DLC also uses an ongoing system to enhance the efficiency of the accounting and finance functions of business. On the other hand, the CFO designs effective policies, methods and procedures to perform all the accounting financial functions properly. The CFO also supervises the staff to ensure that they are performing all the accounting and financial functions in an appropriate way. The CFO of DLC uses effective accounting financial methods such as: balanced scorecard, financial statement ratio analysis, dashboard and so on in order to improve the estimated and actual financial performance of the firm (Finn, 2016). Apart from this, the CFO of DLC also uses effective business model to generate customer value for the success and growth of the organization. The CFO plays a significant role to bring into line the staff into a project-based team so; they may perform all the accounting financial functions to improve the financial performance of the business. In addition to this, the responsibilities of the chief financial officer of the firm affect the ultimate goal and objective of the business. In other words, it also can be said that, the responsibilities of CFO has a positive impact on the ultimate goals objectives of the firms. It is because of CFO is an important person of an organization who is responsible to execute appropriate financial planning for the success of the firm. The financial plans developed by the CFO are very beneficial to accomplish the strategic, financial, and competitive goals objectives of the firm in an effective and a more comprehensive manner (Cannon, Bergmann and Pamplin, 2006). Along with this, it should also be noted down that, business organization faces a lot of problems to allocate, manage, invent and control its funds. In this situation, the CFO plays a critical role manage and control the capital as well a cash flows of the firm in an appropriate way. On the other hand, the CFO also plays a major role to improve the transparency and eloquence in the financial transactions of the firm. The CFO also develops risk mitigation strategies to reduce financial risks and to enhance the financial performance of the firm. Moreover, the CFO of DLC plays a significant role to accomplish the financial goals and objectives in a specified time period. These all the roles and responsibilities of the CFO play a major role to achieve the goal and objectives of the business in an effective way (Hommel, Fabich, Schellenberg and Firnkorn, 2011). In this way, it can be said that, the CFO of DLC perform numerous roles and responsibilities for the growth and success of the organization. The responsibilities performed by the CFO play a crucial role to improve the financial performance and to accomplish the goals objective of the business in an effective manner. B. At the present time, most of the business organizations and investors focus on the effective market hypothesis to select a portfolio to gain higher profits and to reduce the level of risk in an effective way. For case, the effective market hypothesis is a market theory that explains that asset prices reflect all the available financial information of the business organizations. The efficient market hypothesis also affirms that it is unfeasible to beat the market (Sung and Kao, 2015). Along with this, the theory explains on the stock exchanges, the stocks trade at their fair value for all time. For that reason, investors cannot buy undervalued stocks and trade stocks at inflated prices. According to this theory, stock market efficiency reflects all related information of the business organizations. On the other hand, the pension fund manager plays an important role to choose portfolio for the investors or customers. The pension fund manager also considers the effective market hypothesis theory to select a portfolio in an appropriate way (Tyson, 2016). Moreover, if the effective market hypothesis is true in that case the pension fund manager should not opt for a portfolio with a pin. It is because of a portfolio with a pin can involve high level of risk. The portfolio would not be able to offer higher returns to the investors or customers. In addition, this type of portfolio would not be able to provide higher degree of satisfaction tot the investors. In opposite to this, the pension fund manager must pick a portfolio when the efficient-market hypothesis is true and stocks are well diversified. This type of portfolio works in the favor of the investors. In other words, it also can be said that, to select a portfolio, the pension fund manager must focus on the diversified stocks and accurate market hypothesis (Brealey, Myers, Allen and Mohanty, 2012). Along with this, it should also be noted down that, a well diversified portfolio is crucial to lessen risk and to improve returns on the investments. In addition to this, there are some specific market strategies and rules that the pension fund manager must consider to select a portfolio. For case, the manager must select a portfolio that is less risky of higher profitable to the investors. Moreover, the manager must only select a well diversified portfolio to obtain high returns on the portfolio. Also, the risk level of selected must be suitable for the investors or customers. For this reason, these rules and strategies play an important role in the selection of a portfolio (Graham and Dodd, 2008). Overall, it can be said that, the effective market hypothesis plays a significant role in order to make financial and investment decisions in an effective manner. But, it does not mean that, the manager must choose a portfolio with a pin only on the basis of the effective market hypothesis. Moreover, the pension fund manager must focus on the level of risk returns in order to select a portfolio in an appropriate manner. References Bragg, S.M. (2011). The New CFO Financial Leadership Manual. UK: John Wiley Sons. Brealey, R.A., Myers, S.C., Allen, F. and Mohanty, P. (2012). Principles of Corporate Finance. NY: Tata McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Cannon, D.L., Bergmann, T. S. and Pamplin, B. (2006). CISA Certified Information Systems Auditor Study Guide. UK: John Wiley Sons. Delecta Limited. (2016). About Us. Available At: https://www.investsmart.com.au/shares/asx-dlc/delecta-limited [Accessed on: 10th Sep. 2016] Dergel, S. (2014). Guide to CFO Success: Leadership Strategies for Corporate Financial Professionals. USA: John Wiley Sons. Ferguson, M.R. (2006). The Executive Branch of State Government: People, Process, and Politics. Australia: ABC-CLIO. Finn, A. (2016). MBA In A Week: All The Insights Of A Master Of Business Administration Degree In Seven Simple Steps. UK: Hachette UK. Graham, B. and Dodd, D.L.F. (2008). Security Analysis (6th ed.). USA: Tata McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Hitt, M., Ireland, R.D., and Hoskisson, R. (2006). Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. USA: Cengage Learning. Hommel, U., Fabich, M., Schellenberg, E. and Firnkorn, L. (2011). The Strategic CFO: Creating Value in a Dynamic Market Environment. USA: Springer Science Business Media. Kasunic, T.K.F.T., and Kasunic, F.T. (2009). Supersize Your Small Business Profits!: How to Survive the Current Recession and Manage Your Small Business Profitably During Turbulent Economic Times. Australia: Trafford Publishing. Lapovsky, L. and McKeown-Moak, M.P. (2010). Roles and Responsibilities of the Chief Financial Officer: New Directions for Higher Education, Number 107. Australia: John Wiley Sons. Moran, S. and Kral, R. (2013).The Board of Directors and Audit Committee Guide to Fiduciary Responsibilities: Ten Critical Steps to Protecting Yourself and Your Organization. US: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Oakes, K. and Galagan, P. (2011). The Executive Guide to Integrated Talent Management. USA: American Society for Training and Development. Sung, W. and Kao, J.C.M. (2015). Environment, Energy and Applied Technology: Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Frontier of Energy and Environment Engineering (ICFEEE 2014), Taiwan, December 6-7, 2014. Australia: CRC Press. Tyson, E. (2016). Investing For Dummies. John Wiley Sons.

Defining American Literature

Introduction American literature refers to the body of written or literary works shaped in the history of the United States and its former colonies (britannica.com). Tracing back America’s history, America was once under the rule of Britain as part of the latter’s colonies therefore its literary institution is associated to the expansive tradition of English literature. However, American literature is now considered a separate course and institution because of its one of a kind American characteristics and the production of its literature.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Defining American Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper aims to present an extended definition on the meaning of the term American Literature. The paper will discuss the background of American Literature and how it has came about, the writing style of American authors and what makes the American text different and u nique from other national literatures and lastly the paper will present arguments which explore the concept of American literature. Background Before Columbus and other European colonizers discovered the Americans, the native peoples of the continent have no written alphabet but they expressed their artistic talents and passed on knowledge of their traditions in the form of chants, songs and spoken narratives. Contrary to the popular Western understanding of literature that they must be principally a result of written words, scholars considered these verbal genres which include trickster tales, jokes, naming and grievance chants, and dream songs, among others as â€Å"literary† because they embody the creative and arousing retorts of the people to their Native culture (Baym, Franklin, Gura, Krupat and Levine). When the Americas was colonized by different empires namely the Spanish, French, Portuguese, Dutch, German and English kingdoms, the primary role of writing was to pres sure policy makers at these overseas colonies’ home base to rationalize actions taken without their precise consent, or bearing witness to the straight and unintentional cost of European invasion of the Americas. Writing also documented the dreadful effects of European colonization of the Americas where the unintentional contamination of Old World diseases such as small pox, measles and the like to the Natives and the enslavement of the latter for plantation labour gave strong reactions toward from the public. Also during the early occupation of the Americas, writing gave opportunities to people who were not born to a life of privilege but were in favour of merit, talent and effort to reshape the possibilities of their life such as Diego del Castillo and John Smith. In the 15th century New England had a publishing edge over other colonies with Boston’s size in terms of population driven in producing Puritan literature together with the establishment of Harvard Universi ty in 1636 which operates with an independent college and printing press.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though with these efforts the initial state of the English language supremacy was barely evident, political events eventually changed the course and made English the main language for the colonies as well as the choice in writing literature. From 1696 to 1700 the state of American literature consisted only of about 250 published works. These works were mostly about religious, security and cultural concerns of colonial life (Baym, Franklin, Gura, Krupat and Levine). Style The war of 1812 which was a quarrel between the Unites States of America and the British empire because of trade restrictions (Hickey 56-58), forced recruitment of American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy, British support to American Indian tribes against American expansion (Hickey 101-104) and upho ld national honour in the face of British insults (Risjord 196-210), paved way to the American’s growing aspiration to create a unique American literature and culture separate from that of the English. The pioneers wrote humorous works about the American frontiers while some wrote romantic and nature inspired poetry which developed away from the early English origins. Short stories which investigate earlier concealed levels of human psychology and move forward the limits of fiction towards mystery and fantasy were written. The movement of transcendentalism which was a protest to produce a state of culture and society was formed in response to the growing desire of American literary uniqueness. Through this formation radical writings towards individualism in the American character emerged. Native American autobiographies were also developed and minority authors begun to publish fictions. Allegories and dark psychology became the focus of literary romances sated with philosophi cal assumptions. Dark Romanticism became popular in American writings presenting the characters as prone to sin and self destruction. â€Å"the Dark Romantics adapted images of anthropomorphized  evil  in the form of satan,  devils,  ghosts,  werewolves, vampires, and  ghouls† (Thompson, 6). Argument American literature has been developed through the various influence of Native American’s traditions before writing was introduced coupled by the influences brought about by European conquerors. Initially American literature was composed of reports and documentations of complaints and status quo of the people in the New World. Writing and literature served as a means of influencing policy makers in developing the civilization, exploring the natural resources and understanding the traditions and cultures of the Native Americans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Defining American Literature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/ page Learn More Over time American literature evolved into various forms with fiction and non-fiction categories illustrating writers’ sentiments on matters concerning politics, economy, culture, social statuses using artistic imagery or factual resources. American literature further developed into its own form, growing away from its initial sphere of influence, English literature, during the 17th century creating a unique American characteristic and promoting individualism. It developed writers of different genres experimenting human emotions, philosophy and psychology. It also gave way to the dark romanticism subgenre which portrays human beings as individuals prone to sin and self destruction. American literature pushed the boundaries of human imagination and creativity with their constant experimentation of emotions and thoughts which can be attributed to the contemporary writers’ attitude of artistic expression and freedom. Conclusion Examining lite rary works from class in understanding the meaning of American literature through different literary works by early writers we can define American literature initially as a body of works chronicling the discovery and acquisition of the Native Americans in its early beginnings. In relation to the events taking place in the American society, literature in the continent slowly evolved with time influencing its writers and readers the socio-economic norms coupled with the author’s artistic expressions during that specific time of writing. American literature can be considered a mirror of America’s history, well being and characteristic. It is considered a part of the American culture for it details not only the history of the American people but also reflects the peoples’ creative thoughts and imaginations. American literature is the product of influences brought about by the colonizers from Europe and the subtle native traditions of the early settlers of the United States. It is also a powerful defining tool of American characteristics such as liberalism and individualism. Works Cited Baym, Nina, Franklin, Wayne, Gura, Philip, Krupat,Arnold and Levine, Robert. Norton Anthology of American Literature. 7th ed. Boston: W.W. Norton Company, 2007. Print. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc. American Literature. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hickey, Donald.  The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989. Print. Risjord, Norman. â€Å"1812: Conservatives, War Hawks, and the Nation’s Honor.†Ã‚  William And Mary Quarterly18.2 (1961): 196-210. Print. Thompson, Gary., ed. Gothic Imagination: Essays in Dark Romanticism.  Washington: Washington State University Press, 1974. Print. This essay on Defining American Literature was written and submitted by user Josue Vang to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Comparison of Early American Texts essays

A Comparison of Early American Texts essays A Comparison of Early American Texts When the Europeans first came to the Americas in the late 15th - early 16th century, they brought with them a distinctive style of literature that was a complete contrast to the Native Americans who inhabited the land. The Europeans system of literature was based on writing, which was a technique unheard of by the Native Americans, whose system of literature was based on oral traditions since they did not use alphabetic writing. Despite this variance in styles, both European and Native American literature constructs a definite description of an authors personality. I plan to present how the texts of Christopher Columbus, Bartolome de Las Casas, Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala, and Garcilaso de La Vega reveal a distinctive personality in each of these authors and the significance of this presentation. Christopher Columbus presents himself as a compassionate, magnanimous and dutiful voyager in the texts contributed. Christopher Columbus texts seem to exhibit the author as an adherent to his Highnesses, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain. Throughout these texts Columbus repeatedly declares of his actions as restrictively for the favor of his king and queen. For example, in the passage The people of the new world greet Columbus, Columbus states, ...when Your Highnesses so command, they [the seven slaves] can all be carried off to Castile...since with fifty men they would be all kept in subjection and forced to whatever may be wished. Another example is in the passage Columbus describes the people of the New World, in which Columbus proclaims, Our Lord willing, at the time of my departure I will bring back six of them [Native Americans] to Your Highnesses, that they may learn to talk. These two examples depicts Columbus simply as a vassal to his authoritative figures, of ten even more so than to God. Bar...

The role of culture learning and teaching in foeign language education Literature review

The role of culture learning and teaching in foeign language education - Literature review Example des about the target culture and target language and the motivation of new learners to become integrative learners of the language, and how positive attitudes towards the target culture help these new learners overcome anxiety about learning the language. The final section is a conclusion, in which the concepts that are put forth are put into context in the situation at hand. 2.2 The Role of Culture in Foreign Language Education According to Pica (1994), there is a question as to how necessary cultural integration is to learning a foreign language, and that this is question that troubles foreign language teachers, whether the foreign language teacher is teaching students that are far removed from the target language or is teaching in an area where the students have a chance to be immersed in the language (Pica, 1994). There are two camps when it comes to teaching foreign languages - one camp believes that foreign language teaching should emphasize only communication competence, while the other camp believes that foreign language teaching should incorporate the culture of the target language, which would include the literature of the target language (Shanahan, 1997, p. 164). The first camp is only concerned with semantics – for them, learning a language is nothing but drills, and language is nothing but rules, strings of sentences, and prepositions (Thanasoulas, 2001). The learner must see morphological or syntactical pattern, practice it and learn it without regard to culture or context (Waltz, 1989, p. 160). The second camp believes that language has an intuitive component that can only be acquired by learning the culture of the target country. Language is learned in context (Wendt, 2003, p. 92). On the one end are individuals who feel that students must communicate... One school of thought states that the only necessary education that new learners of a language need is semantics and how to string together sentences. For them, culture is not necessary to learn. The other school of thought says that cultural education regarding the target country is crucial, as it puts the language in context and helps the new learner know the different subtleties that are necessary to be a competent speaker. Learning a foreign language cannot force the learner into a vacuum where context and culture do not matter. It is only through learning the nuances of speech can a speaker become a competent speaker, and it is only through knowing the culture of the target country can this occur. A good example is the individual who used the word tu when he should have used the word vous. This is only one example, but one can imagine how many mistakes a speaker will make if he is not aware of context and culture. Because culture is so important to learning Spanish, this is some thing that will be emphasized in the Spanish classroom that I teach. Teaching knowledge about the culture will be relatively easy. Cooking Spanish food, teaching about Spanish holidays, teaching about the religion of Spain, teaching the Spanish painter, writers and other cultural icons, teaching the history of Spain, etc., will all be integral to teaching about Spanish culture. This would also include showing television shows from Spain, showing movies, including dramas and comedies, will be important as well.

Human Resources, Training and Development, Appraisals Essay

Human Resources, Training and Development, Appraisals - Essay Example The troubles that normally arise under formal evaluation procedure are: malfunction to finish the evaluation on time, lack of stability and objectivity evaluating the human resources, and a discernment that the entire procedure is hectic work of little value. (Lukesh, 2000) Except top hierarchy dynamically participates and takes principal task for the evaluation procedure, the rest of the human resources in the company is unconfident of the worth and significance of performance evaluation. A performance evaluation should produce quantifiable results that are visible to all workers in terms of enhanced performance through training, a compensation system that is just and is so professed and a promotion and transfer system that makes the correct decisions associated to abilities. The human resources department in cases does not have the status to provide performance evaluation an elevated priority. Nevertheless they can guarantee that the performance evaluation has a possibility for triumph by scheming a strong evaluation tool, efficiently training supervisors to evaluate accurately, developing purposeful criteria for measurement and viewing how performance delivers to the bottom line. (Pardue, 1999) I would use method based on key performance indicators (KPIs) for appraising sales people.

Suicide is a violation of religious teaching Essay Example for Free

Suicide is a violation of religious teaching Essay Nearly all religions across the world would believe that suicide is a sin against God and that it definitely violates religious teaching. In examining this view, a good place to start is the Christian view on the sanctity of life. Christians believe that all are made in the image of God – imago dei – and that there is an inherent sanctity to human life. Killing is prohibited as part of the Decalogue, where it states, â€Å"do not kill.† This extends to killing yourself. Elsewhere in the Old Testament there are other verses that can be used to prove that suicide violates religious teaching, such as in Ecclesiastes 7:17 where it states, â€Å"be not foolish, why should you die before your time?† Further evidence can be found in the New Testament, where Jesus declares that we are, â€Å"worth much more than sparrows.† To a Christian, life is a precious gift and cannot be thrown away, especially by suicide. Church fathers have generally been against suicide and they believe that it is a violation of religious teaching. Augustine was one of the first to speak out against it in his book City of God. He wrote that, â€Å"to kill oneself is a homicide, and he is much guiltier of his own death.† Aquinas, another church father, put forward three arguments on why he believes that suicide is contrary to religious teaching. Firstly, he said it went against natural law. Natural law would state that we should let life end the natural way that God intended it to, and to end it prematurely is sin. Secondly, suicide can have a negative effect on the person’s community. Finally, suicide is a sin against God because it is a final act of defiance and it is a fundamental mistrust of God and his providence. On the other hand, certain types of suicide could be considered compatible with religious teaching, such as altruistic suicide. The act of self-sacrifice, or martyrdom, is glorified in many religions. In the Bible Jesus says that, â€Å"greater love has no man than this, than to lay down his life for his friends.† An Old Testament example of this is Samson, who killed himself along with the Philistines when he brought down a temple. Furthermore, it could be argued that suicide is not against religious teaching because it is the result of profound mental illness that is not the believer’s fault. In the past the church has been guilty of viewing physical and mental illness differently. Even today many fundamentalist churches would believe that illnesses such as depression are spiritual battles rather than actual illness and would discourage people from taking medication. In the light of high profile suicides such as Rick Warren’s son Matthew, many Christian leaders are speaking out about the need to view mental illness on the same level as physical illness, and not simply to call it a sin. To do otherwise will prevent believers from getting proper treatment and will just increase the likelihood of suicide. To conclude, if one truly believes that God is in control of their life then it would be a violation of their religion to commit suicide. However, it is also the duty of the religious believer to be compassionate towards those that are suffering and they should try and tackle the root causes of suicide rather than simply condemning it.

Huntingtons Disease - An Overview Essay -- Biology Essays Research Pa

Huntington's Disease - An Overview Huntington's Disease is a devastating and progressive neurological disorder that resu lts primarily from degeneration of nerve cells deep in the center of the brain. The condition was first described by George Huntington, a physician in New York, in 1872. Even then, the physician recognized the all-encompassing factors of the disorder when describing it as, "coming on gradually but surely, increasing by degrees, and often occupying years in its development until the hapless sufferer is but a quivering wreck of his former self". The three most profound behavioral problems in Huntington 's disease come from the uncontrollable movements called "chorea," dementia, and the altered perception of the world. The course of Huntington's Disease can last anywhere from ten to 30 years from onset to death. The symptoms of HD usually develop when th e person is between the ages of 30 - 50 years, although they have been known to occur as young as two and as old as 70. It affects all races and ethnic groups and occurs with the same frequency in both men and women. As the disease progresses, the se verity of the symptoms increase and can be divided into three stages. The first stage is characterized by subtle and slight uncontrollable muscular movements, including stumbling and clumsiness, lack of concentration and short-term memory lapses, and depr ession and changes of mood. In the middle of the disease's course, patients may need assistance with some daily activities because walking, speech and swallowing abilities deteriorate. Involuntary movements become more pronounced and may be noticeable to the casual observer. In the latter stages, patients with HD require full-time care, and often families o... ...people afflicted with this disease in the United States. An additional 150,000 are at risk. Although very few cases of HD are due to fresh mu tation, everyone who has the HD gene will eventually develop the disorder unless he or she dies from some other cause before the signs appear. Furthermore, there is often little or no choice of residential care for those with HD, especially in the later s tages of the illness. However, the hope for a cure continues to mount every year and families and communities are joining together to promote better treatment and understanding for those with the disease. Hopefully, a cure will be found in my lifetime. Internet Sources: "About Huntington's Disease," Internet, available: http://www.med.jhu.edu/bhde/hdinfo.html. http://www.kumc.edu/hospital/huntingtons/genetics.html http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/~rd13/hd/review.html

Atlantic Slave Trade †Causes and Effiects Essay

The yearning of the Europeans especially Portuguese, Spanish, British and the Dutch for exploration, colonisation and imperialism was a major factor in expanding the slave trade networks in the Atlantic. As discussed by Timothy P. Grady in the book The Atlantic World 1450-2000, â€Å"explorers from Portugal, Spain and other European nations expanded the geographic knowledge southward along the coast of Africa and westward across the Atlantic shores of the Americas†. The urge for this exploration was triggered by the fall of Constantinople in May 1943, the last vestige of the Roman Empire, to the Muslim Turks which shook the fortitude of the European countries and the Christian faith. The expansion of the Ottoman Empire around the Mediterranean region deprived European merchants of the lucrative trade routes along the Silk Road to the East. The threat of lost communication and trade routes across the Mediterranean into China, India and other regions of eastern Asia and lost access to silk and other precious commodities carried along this route, forced Europeans to explore alternate trade routes to Asia by turning westward for new opportunities. Discovery of new routes west of Europe through the Atlantic, led to European arrival off West coast of Africa in the late fifteenth century. By mid seventeenth century, the coast line of West Africa was infiltrated by fifty forts and slave trading posts of competing European countries – Portugal, Spain, Britain, Holland, Denmark, Sweden and Germany dividing the coastline into – Ivory Coast, Gold Coast and Slave Coast. The political set up in Africa also facilitated slave trade. Africa was divided into a number of small and large states, chieftaincies and independent villages each with their own form of government, religion, customs and traditions. These territories often fought with each other and the captives of war were taken as slaves. Such conflicts were justified wars which according to Warren. C. Whatley was â€Å"natural struggles of nation building† conducted in the normal course of affairs. The captives referred to as â€Å"joint-products of war† or â€Å"stolen goods† were then exported. With the advent of the Europeans, domestic conflicts became slave raids. As Robin Law asserted, the Kingdom of Dahomey dominated the slave raiding and trading from 1715 to 1850. Their kings held a royal monopoly on the trade and conducted slave raids through their armies. Thus the political ambitions of the European and African monarchy led to the development of the slave trade. The developments in technology and its impact on navigation, ship building, and firearms aided the growth in Atlantic slave trade. Navigation The desire for exploration spurred European scholars, navigators and sailors to expand their knowledge of geography and devise new ways of charting and mapping their journeys. Increased use of the hour glass and logs to measure time and distance and the Portolan charts clearly documented navigation. In 1462, the Portuguese navigators devised methods of figuring out latitudes by measuring the height of the Pole Star above the horizon. Later in 1484, astronomers in the court of King Joao II, using the midday sun to figure latitudes, produced a set of declination tables. Under the patronage of Prince Henry of Portugal, other significant developments were made in the study of winds, tides and ocean currents; documents from previous explorations were compiled and maps and charts were continuously improved. Thus a good number of problems associated with navigation were resolved by late fifteenth century. As navigation across the great oceans became manageable, the transportation of the slaves between the continents – Europe, Africa and America became less complicated. Ship Building The changes to the design and functionalities of the European ships were another major factor that contributed to the expansion of Atlantic slave trade. Between the fourteenth and mid- nineteenth centuries, sailing ships were the main means of transport of the slaves. These sailing ships kept changing over time in terms of design, fittings, equipments and materials used as sail. Use of three to four masts, sturdy hull, square lateen and sprit sails, and stern rudder enhanced their sailing power, speed and eased control of the ships in wild weather conditions. Small ships such as the caravel, highly manoeuvrable ships introduced in the fifteenth century encouraged the Portuguese to explore regions around West African coast such as Senegal and Cape Verde and Canary islands to secure staples, gold and slaves. Other ships designed by Portuguese for travel in the Atlantic Ocean were the carracks, four masted ships and the galleon, heavily armed multi deck sailing ships. The ships also grew in size and multi decks were able to accommodate larger number of slaves. The mean tonnage of the slave ships from Liverpool in 1730 was 75 tons. This increased to 130 tons in 1790 and 226 tons in 1805. Weapons The supremacy of Europe in the slave trade was driven by its guns, cannons and restraints. They used a variety of weapons to threaten the slaves and the enemy ships at sea, to maintain control both on land and at sea. The diffusion of the new gunpowder technology accelerated the slave trade. The African communities, threatened by armed neighbours, resorted to trading the captives for gunpowder, guns and muskets. In the words of Warren. C. Whatley, the vicious cycle, â€Å"a raid or be raided† arms race known as the Gun- Slave-Cycle was created. The replacement of the ineffective matchlock musket by the flintlock in1680s, drastically increased firearms demand in West Africa. According to J. E. Inikori, the firearms imported from England during the eighteenth century were between 283,000 and 394,000 guns per annum. The demand for firearms from West Africa was so high that manufacturing companies such as Farmer and Galton were forced to pressurise their workers to increase production. The demand for firearms was matched by supply of slaves. The developments in restraining technology aided the slave trade in terms of terrorising the slaves and reducing escapes. The restraints used in the trade included, neck restraints, iron collars linked by chains, tongue restraints and leg and wrist shackles to trammel movement. The ability to stow more slaves per cubic foot of the ship, ability to navigate better around the coast of Africa, the reduction in escapees due to draconian restraints, and the organisation of forts around the coast to lodge the captives helped to reduce costs and promote trade. African Demand for goods from Europe The introduction of a wide range of consumption goods in West Africa, the possession of which was a matter of social status and power, was another factor leading to the development of Atlantic slave trade. The African demand for iron and copper bars, textiles, salt, earthenware, weapons and firearms, rum, wine, gin and cowrie shells and a variety of both European and oriental goods had a profound impact on slave trade. The demands for these goods were so high that the European suppliers could not cope with the increased demand. J. E. Inikori commented that firearms and textiles were in such high demand by the slave traders that they were not prepared to clear their slave cargo, if they were not satisfied with the quantity of supply of these items of trade. The merchants were willing to trade their morality to capture slaves in exchange for European goods. Alan Rice clearly identifies this when he asserts, â€Å"The desire for luxury goods was so great that these African elites would consign war captives and domestic slaves to an unknown fate across the ocean in exchange for them†. Growth in Slave trading institutions Growth in social institutions to perform a more organised slave trade was a key factor in Atlantic slave trade. The increase in demand and prices of slaves encouraged the development of various institutions to address the issues associated with the trade – capture, enslavement, seasoning, trade, regulations and taxation. The merchants explored new ways of trapping the slaves – deception, kidnapping, ambush attacks, promoting conflicts between villages and the pretence of family substitution for the runaways. The kidnap of Olaudah Equiano in 1750s in his words, â€Å"One day when all our people were gone out to their works as usual and only I and my sister were left to mind the house, two men and woman got over our walls and in a moment seized us both†¦ and ran off with us into the nearest wood†. The drought and famine in Africa due to marginal rainfalls in the Savannah areas – Angola and the grasslands extending from Senegambia to Cameron, forced desponding families to sell themselves. People were too poor to survive and offered themselves as collateral for credits. Non repayment made them slaves. Development of enforcement mechanisms also encouraged the slave trade. Credit was offered to slave traders to cover costs of acquiring, transporting and housing slaves until they were boarded on the ships. Other types of such mechanisms, described by Warren. C. Whatley were â€Å"the use of factories and forts as holding pens and warehouses, African canoe houses and other trade coalitions, secret societies and treaties between European and African nations. The cycle of violence to hunt down the slaves continued leading to an upsurge in slave trade The decline in population in the Americas This was another important factor that led to the development of Atlantic slave trade. With the European colonisation of the Americas, there was a growth in mining and plantations in the islands between North and South America and the labour demands were met by native Indians. The massive mortality rates of the natives due to poor working conditions and new European and African diseases such as measles, small pox, the plague, influenza, malaria and yellow fever led to decline in the population of Americas. Figure 1 presents data on the drastic decline in population in Americas which led to a decline in labour. The Europeans now turned to the Negroes in Africa for labour. They soon found that the African slaves were more productive and the output quadrupled. Shiploads of slaves were exported to work in these American islands and soon the slave trade was transformed from a marginal institution to a global phenomenon. Growth in Plantations The development of Atlantic slave trade stemmed from the growth in plantation agriculture such as sugar, cotton, tobacco, tea and rice in the New World. The demand for plantation workers in sixteenth century Brazil, seventeenth century Caribbean and nineteenth century Cuba instigated slave supply from Africa. The intensity of the growth in plantations could be seen in small islands like Barbados. By 1650 Barbados had 300 plantations which multiplied to 900 by 1670, a rate of 100% per annum. The growing demand for sugar, multiplying at a compound rate of 5% per annum in the seventeenth century to about 10% in the nineteenth century, increased the demand for African slaves to work in the sugar plantations in the New World lands. As H. Hobhouse puts it, â€Å"‘food’ became responsible for the Africanization of the Caribbean†. This small group of islands accounted for 80% of the sugar and slave trade until the eighteenth century. The slave labour for majority of these plantations was secured from Africa through the Atlantic. As plantations became the expanded into a global trade network, so did the Atlantic slave trade. Slave Trade and Profitability There were various groups of stakeholders in the Atlantic Slave trade who participated in it due to the profitability from the trade in slaves. African Rulers profited in terms of taxes and custom duties paid by the European merchants. They were given the first choice of any merchandise that was brought into Africa for trade and were able to bargain lower prices for these goods. The rulers also commanded premium prices for their own slaves. They also received considerable gifts from the merchants in order to secure preferential trading agreements. Ouidah, a coastal town in Benin, West Africa was a strong European trading post since 1720 and was accessed by forty to fifty European trading vessels per year. Hence the ruler who started off with ten slaves in exchange for opening his market in 1700 was able to command a higher price of twenty slaves by 1720. This was in addition to the privileges in the purchase or sale of the commodities which included the slaves as well. According to Miles Ogborn, by 1800s the rulers in Africa were able to obtain â€Å"goods for each slave worth three or four times as much in 1700†. Both African and European slave traders were paid well. Overwhelmed by the profits from slave exports, wealthy merchants both in Africa and Europe, expanded slave trading networks to prodigious numbers. Figure 2 analyses changes in supply by African slave merchants in response to changes in prices. The data reveals that the supply increased as price increased. Hence, the largest emigration of slaves in the eighteenth century can be attributed to the increase in price from ? 14 to ? 25. Between the years 1779 and 1788, there was a decrease in demand for slaves due to the War of American Independence. This created excess supply of slaves in the African coast. Hence the planter in Americas started restocking their slave supply. The European slave traders capitalised on this by securing supply at cheaper prices from Africa and selling higher prices in the Americas; thereby making abnormal profits between these years. Thus slave trade allowed African and European slave traders to maximise profits from the trade. The consumers of Europe profited in terms of cheaper commodity prices due to increased output by African slaves in the plantations. Figure 3 presents data on the production of sugar and tobacco by British colonies. The increased volume of production of these commodities reduced their prices much to the favour of European consumers. Tobacco which fetched twenty to forty shillings in 1619 was sold for a shilling or less while the price of sugar halved between 1630 and 1680. Thus the consumers were able to enjoy the luxury of these commodities at affordable prices. The planters were another group of stakeholders in the trade who profited in their own way. Labour became cheap and more available due to Atlantic Slave trade. The planters always worked with a motive of profitable exploitation of the factors of production, especially labour and work was dictated by discipline and violence. Successful planters were able to create immense wealth and have extravagant lifestyles. While the slaves slogged day and night in the plantations, the owners were able to retreat in the Great Houses built on commanding positions, with beautiful gardens, imported china, furniture and furnishings. The fortune and lifestyle of Sir Charles Price, the largest land and slave owner of Jamaica between 1738 and 1772 demonstrates the height of planter lifestyles. The Decoy†, the Great House he built was a mansion with magnificent rooms with mirrors and wood carving in the decor, lakes and parks around the house and elegant gardens with fruits, flowers and vegetables. This essay has clearly illustrated the factors that led to the development of the Atlantic Slave trade. Eventhough the political set up in Europe and Africa and the growth in plantations laid the foundation for the trade, it was the technological developments and social influences on the Europeans and Africans that took the trade to global heights. Overall, the technological improvements lowered transport, handling and shipping costs enabling the achievement of economies of scale. Similarly, the growing demand for goods from Europe in Africa, the growth in slave trading institutions and the decline in Americas’ population fostered the slave trade. Finally, the profitability from the trade influenced various groups of stakeholders to become intensely involved making it an international trade spanning four continents and altering their social, economic and political composition.

Culture and Child Rearing Essay - 1733 Words

Culture and Child Rearing Practices The purpose of this paper is to express the different ways culture affects child-rearing practices. Culture and child rearing are both essential in child development. Culture and ethnicity can have a deciding effect on the child-rearing techniques that families implement throughout the world. Differences such as methods of discipline, expectations regarding acceptance of responsibilities and transmission of religious instruction will vary among families. The paper includes interviews from three families from different backgrounds about child-rearing practices. Culture is the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group(Robbins,1997). Child rearing†¦show more content†¦The children are to get ready for bed at 7:30pm on weeknights. The children ride the evening bus to their grandparent’s home because the parents are at work when school is dismissed. The mother and father expect th e children to respect one another at all times and to be on their best behaviors at all times with not exceptions to this rule. The male children are to always have a belt on with shirts tucked in weather in school or at home. The children are expected to complete all homework and chores before any playtime. Playtime normally consist of the children outside playing with the children next door. In their home, the six and ten year old was required to perform chores after school but before dinner. The children received punishment if the chores were not completed in a specific period. Punishment usually included video games being taken away, no television, and no sleepovers with friends. The second family consisted of an African American mother and father whose religion was Muslim. They have two children which are two boys age four and seven. 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